ABCTE Biology Practice Exam

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• What is the hormone that controls the growth of plant roots?
• Which of the following best describes homologous structures?
• Which organism is primarily involved in the process of nitrogen fixation in ecosystems?
• What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
• What primary source of energy drives the Earth's water cycle?
• What type of galaxy lacks spiral arms and typically has an oval shape?
• How does DNA differ from RNA?
• What conclusion was drawn from Beadle and Tatum's experiment with mutant bread mold?
• What molecules are primarily formed in the Calvin cycle?
• What type of inheritance pattern describes color-blindness in humans?
• What is necessary for a daughter to inherit the color-blind trait from her parents?
• Which system produces erythrocytes and phagocytes?
• What is one of the main functions of lymphatic vessels?
• What is an advantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?
• Which structure initiates the production of hormones by the pituitary gland?
• What is the best practice for figures in a scientific report or presentation?
• What triggers the process of endocytosis?
• Which of the following substances is NOT primarily secreted by the adrenal cortex?
• Simple prokaryotic organisms typically reproduce asexually via which method?
• After a precursor mRNA molecule is transcribed from a eukaryotic gene, it is modified. What is cut out and spliced back together to produce a molecule of mRNA?
• What effect does tetracycline have on gene transcription in bacteria?
• Eukaryotes are distinguished by which structural feature?
• Which scientist’s research was pivotal for Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA structure?
• What is the primary function of the renal tubule in the kidneys?
• What are secretions from ductless glands called?
• Which gland is primarily involved in the production of hormones related to the immune system?
• Which of the following is one nonspecific defense against invaders to the body?
• What classification does an aqueous solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 1.0 x 10^-6 M have?
• What is the term for a single strand of a duplicated chromosome?
• What is the key difference between mass and weight?
• Cell division that results in the increased width of a tree occurs in the?
• What effect does the Doppler Shift have on starlight from a star moving away from Earth?
• The largest majority of white blood cells are?
• Which part of the DNA strand primarily consists of non-coding regions?
• What type of blood circulation involves blood to and from the lungs?
• What is the effect of temperature on the kinetic energy of particles?
• What is the sun's photosphere?
• In the designation P 680, the subscript represents what characteristic of the pigment?
• What is the term for the muscle contractions that move food down the esophagus?
• What is a hollow sphere of cells during embryonic development called?
• Which characteristic is commonly associated with Archaebacteria?
• Vaccines injected into the body produce?
• What is the definition of transduction in bacterial genetics?
• Which component is NOT part of an operon?
• Which organism has all its cells directly in contact with the external environment?
• What percentage of genes are typically activated in specialized cells?
• Which enzyme plays a critical role in unwinding the DNA helix during replication?
• What would most likely occur if the repressor protein could not bind to the operator?
• In which part of the digestive system are digested materials absorbed?
• Which of the following is considered an established scientific theory?
• What is the function of the thyroid gland?
• Which of the following processes increases genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms?
• Which description best fits an elliptical galaxy?
• What role does the bottleneck effect play in genetic diversity?
• Which of the following is TRUE regarding codons?
• During facilitated transport, intrinsic proteins assist molecules in moving:
• Which element is essential for the process of photosynthesis in plants?
• What term describes unicellular algae found on the surface of water bodies?
• Which of the sets of variables could be used in an experiment to test the hypothesis that different metals absorb different amounts of energy from sunlight?
• Which genotype indicates that an individual is heterozygous for two traits?
• The major functional part of the kidneys is the?
• Which of the following organisms is typically classified in Ciliophora?
• After extracting DNA from a human femur, which analysis step should be prioritized?
• What role does tetracycline play in bacteria at the molecular level?
• How many genes are estimated to be present in a human cell?
• What structural process occurs in plant cells to form the cell plate during cytokinesis?
• Which component allows genes in an operon to be transcribed together?
• What is the phenotypic ratio for the offspring of a homozygous individual (AA) and a heterozygous individual (Aa)?
• What is the function of the centromere during mitosis?
• In a dihybrid cross represented by a Punnett Square, which of the following combinations is correct?
• Which organism has the simplest nervous system?
• In which phase of development do the basic body plans of organisms begin to form?
• Which gland is responsible for the production of cortisol?
• Which phases of the cell cycle are included in interphase?
• What is an important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
• Which organ is considered the largest sense organ in the human body?
• In the context of stellar evolution, what typically occurs to high-mass stars at the end of their lifespan?
• Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?
• Which of the following correctly describes an exon?
• What type of protein does tetracycline attach to in bacteria?
• What triggers the change in shape of the intrinsic protein associated with the sodium-potassium pump?
• What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?
• What does Hubble's Law state about galaxies?
• What happens when tetracycline binds to the repressor protein?
• Why are members of the Division Deuteromycota referred to as Imperfect Fungi?
• What are the short fragments of DNA on the lagging strand called?
• Which observation supports the hypothesis that fire ants produce a substance that is harmful to humans?
• Which digestive system structure serves to compact and store waste and recover water?
• What observation initialized the concept of natural selection?
• Which statement best describes a gene?
• How are daughter cells separated in plant cells?
• What two substances provide rigidity to the plant cell wall?
• Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
• What type of circulatory system is characterized by a heart and blood vessels?
• What are the outer layers of the eye?
• What structure pulls duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during mitosis?
• Which of the following processes is a result of environmental pressure on the genotypic variation in populations?
• In a cell, the nucleotides GAT were temporarily paired with the nucleotides CUA. Where did this pairing most likely occur?
• What structure represents the main body of a fungus?
• Which algae are known for their photosynthetic capacity and oxygen production?
• What is the primary method of gene expression regulation in eukaryotes?
• What is the product of the emission of a β particle by lead-212?
• As a ball is dropped from 5 m high, how does it interact with the Earth?
• Where does gene transcription occur in a cell?
• How do viruses replicate their genetic material?
• What does the term "complementary base pairing" refer to in the context of DNA?
• What type of genetic variation does mutation provide?
• How does a repressor protein typically function in gene regulation?
• What is the significance of the 5' to 3' directionality in DNA replication?
• How much work is performed when a 70 N force raises an object 2.0 m vertically?
• What are the reproductive organs of gymnosperms called?
• In which scenario is polygenic inheritance most likely to be observed?
• The skeletons of which protozoan genus contribute to ocean floor ooze?
• In the context of molecular biology, what is the primary role of an operon?
• How does the lifespan of stars with relatively small mass compare to more massive stars?
• What is the effect seen when the population of Mexican gray wolves decreased to a few individuals?
• Why do human muscle and bone cells differ in function and structure?
• What is the role of plasmids in bacteria?
• Which part of most terrestrial plants exhibits positive phototropism?
• Which excretory organ belongs to arthropods?
• What is the momentum of a 50 kg object traveling at 25 m/s?
• If a population of insects experiences a mutation that doubles their wing length from one unit to two units, how is the surface area affected?
• When does parapatric speciation occur?
• Which trait could be both a competitive advantage and a survival disadvantage?
• Which phylum includes protozoa that primarily use pseudopodia for movement?
• What is the main function of mRNA molecules in gene expression?
• Which class of algae is primarily unicellular and includes species like diatoms?
• Which reproductive strategy is characterized by producing many offspring with low survival rates?
• Which molecule is produced during the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
• In genetic terms, what does homozygous mean?
• What is cytokinesis primarily responsible for?
• What accounts for the difference in DNA quantity between human cells and E. coli cells?
• Which statement best describes the efficiency of the C4 photosynthetic pathway compared to the Calvin cycle?
• What is the most prevalent form of reproduction found in prokaryotes?
• Antonie von Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to identify:
• Which of the following are classified as eubacteria?
• What is the process called when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
• Lichens are organisms where ascomycetes fungi live in symbiosis with what organism?
• What does the term 'intron' refer to in the context of gene sequences?
• What product is primarily produced from the process of photosynthesis?
• What is formed by the dehydration synthesis of sucrose?
• What is the primary life stage during which both divisions of slime molds reproduce?
• Which tissue type is characterized by having fewer cells?
• What do most prokaryotes primarily ingest?
• What is the name given to the process of DNA replication?
• In recombinant DNA technology, which substance is used to cut DNA into fragments?
• Which of the following could be considered a scientific hypothesis?
• What maintains the balance of ecosystems on Earth?
• Besides Darwin, who also developed the idea of evolution through natural selection?
• What type of connective tissue is cartilage classified as?
• What role do neutrophils play in the immune response?
• Which statement best represents a key concept of cell theory?
• A housecat eats a bird, which has eaten a caterpillar that feeds on leaves. Which trophic level describes the house cat?
• What is the result of stabilizing selection to a normal bell curve?
• Which of the following is an example of a homogeneous mixture?
• What was Gregor Mendel's most significant contribution to genetics?
• Which statement explains why animals possess homologous structures?
• According to the law of reflection, how do the angles of incoming and reflected light compare?
• What defines the distinction between Parazoa and Eumetazoa?
• Which item below is produced in the stomach?
• Why is carbon-14 dating not suitable for materials approximately one billion years old?
• How is disruptive selection depicted in a population's traits?
• Which of the following processes involves the engulfing of large particles by a cell?
• What is the primary function of the genes involved in antibiotic resistance?
• Which structure diffuses nutrients through cartilage?
• The first sign of germination of a bean seed is the emergence of the?
• How are transgenic organisms utilized in bioremediation?
• During which phase do spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the chromosomes?
• What is the main purpose of mitosis in cell division?
• Which structure in fungi is responsible for the production of spores?
• What is the main purpose of photosynthesis in plants?
• What is the significance of a promoter in gene expression?
• What is the equivalent speed of 60 miles per hour in meters per second?
• How many neutrons are present in an atom of zinc-64?
• Phagocytosis is specifically achieved by which structure?
• What are grana in chloroplasts primarily composed of?
• What is the name of the process by which the information contained in a DNA molecule is copied onto a messenger RNA molecule?
• If the allele combinations of a Punnett Square for hair color are BB and bb, what is the probability of offspring having red hair?
• Which plant structure is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?
• What type of skeletal system do the majority of vertebrates have?
• Under what condition will an offspring express an autosomal recessive condition?
• What is the speed of a water wave with a wavelength of 0.5 m and frequency of 2 hertz?
• What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
• What type of relationship do mycorrhizae represent?
• Two nucleotide bases would not be sufficient to code for the amino acids because two bases would sequence only
• What characterizes the outer core of the Earth?
• What role do villi and microvilli play in the digestive system?
• What are the smallest blood vessels in the body?
• How many individual chromosomes (not pairs) does each cell in an individual with Down syndrome have?
• Which process in the cell cycle occurs after the S phase?
• What is the primary factor driving natural selection?
• Which of the following statements describes crossing over?
• The genetic makeup of an individual, including all alleles, is known as what?
• Which of the following structures is part of the cytoskeleton?
• What is a primary characteristic of Sarcodina?
• In which environment do lichens thrive, combining ascomycetes fungi and algae?
• Which of the following produces thymosin?
• What is the main role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA processes?
• How does force relate to acceleration in Newton's second law?
• How does the scientific method typically function?
• In which part of the plant does most photosynthesis occur?
• How do the four bases in double-stranded DNA pair up?
• How should the measured value of 0.00001030 seconds be expressed correctly?
• How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of DNA packaging?
• Following a mass extinction, what is the term for the process of new species development?
• An mRNA molecule with a complementary codon is transcribed from the DNA codon ACT. What is the nucleotide sequence of the tRNA anticodon?
• If a 2,000 kg automobile moving at 50 m/s collides with another 2,000 kg automobile at rest, how fast will they travel together post-collision?
• Exocytosis primarily involves the creation of transport vesicles in which cellular structure?
• What is the term for a set of genes that transcribe and code for enzymes that break down an antibiotic?
• Why is pH important to protein function?
• What is the primary function of a pedigree chart in genetics?
• What is the primary result of doubling the length of an object's linear dimension on its volume?
• What is an example of genetic drift?
• Which pair of atoms is most likely to form an ionic bond?
• What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
• Which statement could explain why a particular point mutation had no effect on the polypeptide expressed by a gene?
• What defines a sex-linked condition?
• What was Darwin's greatest contribution to evolutionary theory?
• What is the role of a nucleic acid probe?
• Which type of genetic sequence describes an operon?
• Which gas is utilized by plants during photosynthesis?
• Which enzyme is not involved in DNA replication?
• What type of cell division allows for evolution through genetic variation?
• What happens to the frequency of a light wave if its wavelength increases?
• What is the term used for muscles in opposing pairs?
• Which type of neuron transmits impulses to the central nervous system?
• Which of the following is a type of multicellular algae?
• As the wavelength of electromagnetic waves decreases, what happens to their frequency and energy?
• Which of the following organisms has a closed circulatory system?
• During which trimester does organogenesis occur?
• The autonomic nervous system is primarily involved in which function?
• Which hormone is mainly responsible for stem elongation in plants?
• Where are valence electrons found in an atom?
• The oxygen that results from photosynthesis is derived from which of the following?
• If a force of 2,000 Newtons is applied to a 1,000 kg car, what is the car's acceleration?
• What is a defining feature of organisms in the Sporozoa phylum?
• Which type of immunity is provided through vaccines?
• Which structure connects bone to bone?
• Approximately what percentage of plasma is composed of water?
• From which structure do gill fungi release their spores?
• Which of the following accurately describes asexual reproduction?
• During photolysis in photosynthesis, what is primarily cleaved by an activated electron?
• Which type of protein facilitates the transport of molecules down the concentration gradient?
• What is the primary role of phagocytosis in organisms?
• Which phylum is known for containing the most pathogenic parasites?
• Which process is the source of genetic variation in organisms that reproduce asexually?
• Which is an example of genetic engineering?
• In which domain can a prokaryote be classified?
• Which organelle is involved in the ATP production necessary for cell functions?